Everything about The Phi Phenomenon totally explained
The
phi phenomenon is a
perceptual illusion described by
Max Wertheimer in his
1912 Experimental Studies on the Seeing of Motion, in which a disembodied perception of
motion is produced by a succession of still images. In discussions of the perception of
film and
video it's often confused with
beta movement, but it's a distinct phenomenon not directly involved in the perception of
motion pictures.
The classic phi phenomenon experiment involves a viewer or audience watching a screen, upon which the experimenter projects two images in succession. The first image depicts a line on the left side of the frame. The second image depicts a line on the right side of the frame. The images may be shown quickly, in rapid succession, or each frame may be given several seconds of viewing time. Once both images have been projected, the experimenter asks the viewer or audience to describe what they saw.
At certain combinations of spacing and timing of the two images, a viewer will report a sensation of motion in the space between and around the two lines, even though the viewer also perceives two distinct lines and
not the continuous motion of objects referred to as
Beta movement. The phi phenomenon looks like a moving zone or cloud of background
color surrounding the flashing objects. The discovery of the phi phenomenon was a significant milestone in
Gestalt psychology.
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